Title of the Paper Essays (1567 words) - Education, Education Reform

Title of the Paper (Basic Thinking Essay: Final Essay ) Presented By ( Kadeejah Johnson, [emailprotected] ) Number and Name of Course (Prologue to Political Science - HistGov 130 ) Class Meeting Time/Day (T/T: 11:00 A.M. - 12:20 P .M.) Educator (Dr. Carmen Walker ) Semester (Spring 2017 ) The present Date (Thursday May 2 , 2017 ) Bowie State University Branch of History and Government Bowie, Maryland The most significant social issue influencing the United States youngsters and understudies in the year 2017 is training. The issues that are influencing Education are class measures in urban region schools, the No Child Left Behind Act, understudy wellbeing and government financing. These issues have been significant qualities of disappointment in the two understudies and instructors, on the grounds that the understudies are not getting the consideration they need because of classes being too large. The educators can't show the understudies the major qualities, and significant subjects that they need in light of the no youngster deserted act, constraining instructors to instructing for government sanctioned test. The two understudies and educators are influenced by the restricted financing, and the understudy's wellbeing because of inadequate lunch programs. Above all these components need an answer, these instructors and understudies need financing, they need the major training tha t was once given to my age preceding 2002. Instruction is the reason for all residents to accomplish throughout everyday life, and to put resources into their American Dream. To be instructed is to be given the essential qualities and materials should have been demonstrated residents. The study hall sizes are a significant issue confronting understudies in government funded schools. For instance, state funded schools in Georgia confronted a colossal spending slice and made schools be shut (Background on Education.2016). The class sizes at a neighborhood primary school had gone from 16 to 27. The most troublesome undertaking was educators having the option to make up for all the new understudies that had entered the study hall. A progressively neighborhood and late occurrence was in Fairfax County Virginia where staff, are hoping to propose expanding study hall sizes during noteworthy spending cuts. The financing issue has made schools along the East Coast make an activity to guarantee that class sizes matter. There has been study's demonstrating that minorities seem to profit by littler study hall measures the most. In cases, for example, these, the administration has two choices in managing the full class sizes. Dissidents and other gathering pioneers should advo cate for littler class measures, and additionally assembling more schools. For the most part, this implies resistance to subsidizing tuition based schools. The structure of more schools is a colossal spending circumstance, that most government can aid is constructing more homerooms in schools that have unused space. The subsequent issue confronting Education is the No Child Behind Act which was set up by President W Bush in 2002, to help understudies with national test. There are numerous reasons why this is an issue with training since it just permits educators to teach their understudies dependent on the following State or potentially National test. Numerous educators and guardians consider this to be an impediment to government funded training condition (Koenig, Larry.2016). The Obama Administration chipped away at change NCLB approaches, anyway the emphasis of instruction on both National and State level keeps on being on the testing procedure. The legislature has removed the central significance of training from the two instructors and understudies, and have made rivalry among them. In the event that the understudies don't perform well on the test, they are set into this pool and are judge dependent on how they perform. For instructors, there is this amount they should meet to get subsidizi ng for undertakings and projects (Jones, Maurice,2016). Understudy test scores are presently being utilized by a few states to assess instructor execution, which eventually squeezes staff to remediate the individuals who do also. The legislature can essentially help by executing another bill as far as riding the arrangement of state administered test, and all the more so supplanting it with what instructors the nation over feel is suitable. There additionally ought to be greater contribution from the National Education Association concerning helping instructors with preparing and the devices they have to make and produce incredible understudies. Understudy

The Innovation and Learning Perspective of the Balanced Scorecard Research Paper

The Innovation and Learning Perspective of the Balanced Scorecard - Research Paper Example There are two primary driver of changes in a business’s spending plan. One of the fundamental driver is spending more than the financial plan permits. This could be because of the way that the administration planned for not exactly required; there was blunder of assets or general lack of common sense. Furthermore, there might be a sudden crisis in a business that may cause a significant crack in the utilization of assets from the financial plan (Berry et. al. 2006). Mechanical harms to a significant preparing resource, for example, could prompt an earnest acquisition of another so as to keep up the normal degree of creation. For instance, the Manchester Meerkat Company (MMC) endured a blow when floods depleted the fiber filling. This caused crisis spending that may have brought about fluctuation in the financial plan. This would cause destabilization in the financial plan consequently a fluctuation. These changes can either make antagonistic impacts an association whenever ove rlooked or lead to accomplishment in business whenever noted and improved. This is on the grounds that there exist two classifications of differences to be specific good and troublesome changes. The ideal differences happen where the aftereffects of business tasks are better when contrasted with the normal outcomes. Then again, the troublesome fluctuations happen at whatever point the final products of business tasks are more terrible than anticipated outcomes. Along these lines, directors consistently complete fluctuation examination so as to the care for the reality at what caused the distinction. Moreover, as indicated by Blocher and Cokins (2005), this examination causes the administration to pinpoint the impacts the changes have to the business and how to address or enhance them.

Best Books for Writers

Best Books for Writers If you stop learning, then you stop growing, you stop improving, and your writing grows stale very quickly. A good way to keep learning is to arm yourself with tried and true resources that are easily accessible. The Online Writers Companion: A Complete Guide to Earning Your Living as a Freelancer is a great learning resource for writers who are trying to break into or move ahead in the freelance writing world. This book was written by FWU’s own PJ Aitken, and you can read more about it here on this site. Below are some additional tried and true resources, the best books for writers who are trying to earn a little money or simply hone their craft: Best Books for Writers: Increase Your Freelance Income Writers Market 2016: The Most Trusted Guide to Getting Published  by Robert Lee Brewer The annually updated Writer’s Market is the be-all-end-all resource guide for writing markets. It includes thousands of up-to-date contact and submission information for book publishers, magazines, agents, and even writing contests with cash prizes. It also includes valuable how-to information on how to write a query letter, find an agent, write a book proposal and much more. It’s available as an online version with search and filter capabilities, as well as a submission tracking tool. Writers and Artists Yearbook 2016 The 4,500 up to date contact listing for the publishing world in this annually updated resource, are worth their weight in gold. If you are a writer who is struggling to find your way to getting published, this industry recognized guide is your compass. Over 80 inspirational and how-to articles include everything about the publishing process including working with agents or publishers, negotiating finance or legal issues, and the editing process. Something for every writer, whether poet, travel writer, fiction writer, graphic novelist, or anything in between, you’ll find help here. Secrets to E-Book Publishing Success (Smashwords Guides 3) by Mark Coker This is a book you will want to consider if you are thinking about self-publishing an e-book. Mark shares 30 different secrets he and other bestselling e-book authors learned the hard way, from experience. Starting Your Career as a Freelance Writer  by Moira Anderson Allen For the first-time writer who is just starting out and needs some help with the basics of becoming a freelance writer and getting paid, the insights from Moira Allen’s 30 years of experience on both sides of the publishing desk is a huge advantage. This is a must have for any freelance writer’s library. Daily Rituals: How Artists Work By Mason Currey. In this book, the author meticulously researched the habits of over 100 different writers. If you’re struggling with the writing process, discipline, focus, or motivation, and haven’t yet established a daily writing routine, you will find many helpful insights here. Best Books for Writers: Improve Your Writing Writers Digest:  If you’re a writer with any experience, you’re already aware of Writer’s Digest and rely on it for inspiration, information, and learning. If you’re a new writer or haven’t heard of Writer’s Digest, it’s definitely worth saving to your favorite bookmarks. On Writing-10th Anniversary Edition A Memoir of the Craft by Stephen King This is hailed as one of the most got-to-have resource books for writers. No writer library is complete without this memoir on how one of the legends became a paid writer. Writing Tools: 50 Essential Strategies for Every Writer  by Roy Peter Clark This is a toolbox that  writers can  use to find practical inspiration. Decades of experience into 50 tools to help any writer become more fluent and effective. The Elements of Style  by William Strunk and E.B. White. If you have the older version of this book, you will definitely want to get the updated modern version to add to your library. This is the favored resource of English professors everywhere for grammar, word use, commonly misspelled words, punctuation, etc. It should be right next to your dictionary. Plot Structure: Techniques and Exercises for Crafting a Plot That Grips Readers from Start to Finish  by James Scott Bell. If writing fiction is your passion, then this book is a must read. Plot is one aspect of writing that can be mind boggling for new writers and James Bell breaks it down using a few simple examples. He also shares some plotting systems and tips for plot and structure that are very helpful. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life  by Anne Lamott A book that reminds you amid laughter and sage advice, that writing is about more than mechanics and structure, but instead a combination of the mind, heart, and soul. If you’ve been distracted by self-doubt or social media, this book is designed to help you get your pen to the page On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction by William Zinsser. With a nearly 5-star Amazon rating from readers, this book has sold over 1 million copies. A time-tested writer’s resource of basic writing principles combined with the wisdom of an experienced writer. It’s a must-have addition to the resource library for non-fiction writers. I’ve done my best to include the tried and true, time-tested best books for writers in this list but keep in mind this is only a smattering of what is available on the market today. These are the resources you will turn to again and again as you hone you craft and work to get your writing into the world. Do you have a favorite writer’s resource on your shelf that isn’t included here? Share it in the comments below.

Racial Inequality And Its Effects On A Student s Development

People of color in the classroom are challenged by tough circumstances that many of their mainstream counterparts may not be exposed to on a daily basis. Whether it is ethnicity, family sizefamily size, first language, poverty or any other number of characteristics that people of color face, they do in fact, have a strong impact on a student’s development. People of color are more likely to be born into poverty than their white counterparts. In 2013, only 11% of Asian Americans and Whites lived below or at the poverty line. In contrast to 18% for Pacific Islanders lived below or at the poverty line, 21% of Hispanics, 22% of Blacks and 25% of Native Americans. (Museus, Ledesma, Parker, 2015). Though Asian Americans experienced less poverty than any other ethnic group there were drastic disparities within their communities . Poverty can affect a student in many ways. They might not be able to focus due to hunger, evictions, stress and in some sad cases from working to help thei r parents support their families. Racial differences have also been linked to health. People of color experience more frequent health problems than their white counterparts. Communities of color that experience high poverty rates are more likely to have health problems due to inability to access quality health care and have even been linked to higher mortality rates than those of people of color nationwide (Museus, Ledesma, Parker, 2015). This is yet another factor to consider whenShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of The 1960 s And Through The 1970 S1407 Words   |  6 PagesRodena Woods –History 102- 12/12/15- Final Essay How did the events from the later 1960’s and through the 1970’s contribute to cynicism and mistrust toward the nation’s leaders, especially those in politics? The unexpected occurrences of the late 1960 s through the 1970’s led to a broad form of skepticism and distrust toward the countries leaders in a number of ways. The occurrences that impacted how Americans looked at the nation’s leader was complete disillusionment. They felt this way becauseRead MoreThe School Entrance Examination Board Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagescultivate secondary curriculum. At the time, there was widespread fear amongst elite leaders about the increasing growth of the immigrant population in the U.S. Many university administrators were concerned about the explosion and the effects this would have on their student populations. Introduce in 1926, the SAT became a covert means for universities to selectively choose potential candidates, although during the earlier part of the twentieth century, college was primarily for the elite. 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Analysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal - 1546 Words

Madeleine Roepe EN323 Rzepka 3/9/15 Swift and Blake’s Use of Irony and Persona In Satire In the context of political questions and social activism, irony, exaggeration, humor, and ridicule are all valuable rhetorical tools to expose faults and make a point (New Oxford American Dictionary). Both Jonathan Swift and William Blake confront social systems of oppression in their literary careers, most notably with A Modest Proposal and Songs of Innocence respectively. Swift’s A Modest Proposal is an address to the wealthy English and appeal to the consumerism that drives economic exploitation that causes inequity and poverty. Due to the tense political climate and potential ramifications of his criticism, Swift published the essay anonymously and therefore had to create a persona within the essay to speak for him. Swift uses this unique narrative persona to ironically confront this oppressor class. Blake also makes rhetorical use of the persona and irony to make ideological points but in a noticeably different way; the speaker he creates uses the voice of those being ex ploited by English social systems rather than a privileged observer. In his poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† Blake adopts the voice of a young boy sold into labor. His discussion of mistreatment is more psychological in nature, and contains a complexity considerably absent in Swift’s writing. Each perspective has its merits, but which is the more effective means of satire? In his opening, Swift’s speaker misleads readersShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal1076 Words   |  5 Pages Mansoon Acharya Kayla Schreiber H1003 October 10, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis on Swift’s A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal is a sarcastic humored essay that examines the attitude of the rich towards the poor starving children in their society. Swift uses many rhetorical devices. 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Packed with irony and satirical revelations of the human condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Swift wasn’t just writing a masterpiece, but an intended,Read MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal And Li Ruzhen s Flowers994 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many uses of satire in Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal and in Li Ruzhen’s Flowers in the Mirror. Both of these readings address social issues during the 17th and 18th century and address them with various uses of satire to help emphasize their thoughts of dislike and carry that to their readers. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal proposes using poor bastard children as food to help the poverty level along with other social issues that come with poor women carrying children and havingRead MoreJonathan Swift s Modest Proposal1562 Words   |  7 PagesEmpire. Thesis: Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal is the most effective in conveying its proposal against Imperialism as a universal theme. Directional Statement: Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal successfully uses evidence to support its proposal and an effective style of writing. It also presents a clearly defined problem and solution compared to George Orwell s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and Thomas Jefferson s â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Point 1: Swift s Modest Proposal effectively uses appropriateRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Jonathan Swift1425 Words   |  6 PagesEllen Griffith Freshman Comp. II Oct. 27, 2015 Literary analysis The author I decided to write about is Jonathan Swift for he had a keen sense for effective sarcasm. As Jonathan Swift said â€Å"The proper words in the proper places are the true definition of style.† Though he was known in different ways, he was mostly popularized through his gift in writing, particularly his satire, or his use of humor and irony, essays. 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Jonathan Swift seeks to create empathy for the poor through his ironic portrayal of the children of Irish beggars as commodities that can be regulated and even eaten. He is able to poke fun at the dehumanization of the multitudes of poor people in Ireland by ironically commenting on what he sees as an extension of the current situation. Swift?s essay seeks to comment on the terribleRead MoreNotes On Reading : Https1593 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on specific questions from below and/or questions using your answers for deeper analysis. We will then further discuss this piece of writing. How does Swift want the reader to view the speaker? What features best describe the â€Å"persona† he adopts? Give examples from the text. Jonathan Swift wants the readers to view him as a pragmatic and heartless realist who has found a solution to a serious issue. Swift used sophisticated diction to list seemingly sensible reasons as to why his horrifying

Introduction to Marketing Social Cultural Environment

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Marketingfor Social Cultural Environment. Answer: Introduction In todays era market and society are inter-related terms because products are sold in the market directly by people of the society. The social cultural environment is impacting the position of market very much because society and culture is a vital factor to implement the strategy of marketing of a particular company. Marketing is considered an Arts as well as a science because the company is invented by some techniques and tools scientifically and also it is incorporated by some logic and designs consistently. In the society, all people are involved with marketing strategy in order to meet their daily requirements. In addition, Culture includes the way of our speaking, attitudes, dressing styles, learning, believe, values and much more. These all are followed by the marketing strategy because these are the main ingredient in the market to make transaction with buyer and seller (Samaha, Beck and Palmatier 2014). According to Hofstede, there are various factors of social culture which impacts the marketing strategy consistently. If people do not prefer the goods in the market, it is not possible to grow up the business into the market segmentation. Culture also influences the purchasing power and decision making in the market by which the companys product may not sell in the market. There is some examples bellow which describes the impact of social culture on marketing strategy; (Williams and Mummalaneni 2015). Today is the era of globalization which increases the needs of people and people are also trying to involve in international marketing. Success of the company is totally depends on people of the society because if people are buying the companys product it may lead to success. On the other hand, if people are not buying the product, it may suffer from losses. The companys products are directly sold in the market by the people. For this, we can say that social culture is impacting the current strategy of marketing within the country. References Samaha, S.A., Beck, J.T. and Palmatier, R.W., 2014. The role of culture in international relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.78-98. Williams, J.D., Mummalaneni, V. and Erramilli, M.K., 2015. An Innovative Classroom Approach to Analyzing the Role of Culture on Business Relationships using the Global View International Business Simulation. InProceedings of the 1997 World Marketing Congress(pp. 130-132). Springer International Publishing.

The Bad Mood Keeps Rising an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

The Bad Mood Keeps Rising In the chapter The New Anticorporate Activism Naomi Klein discusses the emergence of new phenomenon a network of human-rights activists that has exposed many organizations to damage. Moreover, Klein traces the key differences and similarities between anticorporate campaigning and apartheid actions. The central point of the chapter is that one has to fight corporations and organizations whose sole purpose is to benefit from repressive government policies and to increase profits disregarding social and corporate responsibilities. Thus, the role of anticorporate activists is to reveal violations committed by multicultural corporations and organizations. Klein argues the role of anticorporate activists is crucial to contemporary business world as multicultural corporations dont consider, in many cases, their responsibilities and obligations to the public. (pp.325-326) Need essay sample on "The Bad Mood Keeps Rising" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The negative moment is that anticorporate activism takes many forms ranging from socially and environmentally responsible to radically terrorist. Moreover, the tasks of the groups are different as well. For example, the Yellow Pages is an international hacker group whose goal is to hack computer networks of huge corporations. (p.326) Klein stresses that it is economic globalization that has caused emergence of anticorporate activists and many corporations are forced to fight as well. Anticorporate activism goes far beyond labor and trade unions. Their members are both young and old representatives whose education ranges from elementary school to colleges and university. They come with large investments claiming that multicultural corporations and organizations are behaving illegally and, thus, sinfully. As anticorporate activists claim, multicultural corporations should stake their lives on their violations and being not committed to environment they are operating in. Anticorporate a ctivists are social marketers and political intelligentsia who are worrying about environment more than about increasing profits and sales. (p.327) Further, Klein discusses the Year of Sweatshop tracing the emergence of the anticorporate activists to 1995-1996. Andrew Ross has called that year the year of Sweatshop because every time Americans switched on their TVs they heard shameful news about labor exploiting, human rights violating and environment polluting. It means that world brands didnt consider human and environmental factor in pursuing increased sales and profits. Nike, Shell, McDonalds, Disney and many other corporations were in that row. However, the Year of Sweatshop appeared to result in the Year of Brand Attack. (p.332) The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire appeared to be the turning point in anti-sweatshop movement in the country. Thousand of workers were striking waiting for government response and declaring their rights: working week is to be 54 hours; working day is to be ended not later than 9 p.m.; fire and health care regulations are to be introduced, etc. (p.333) Klein says that many of the anticorproate campaigns are of political origin whose attacks are targeted at global economic issues rather than at national ones. Global corporations are argued to re-organize the world they way they want it to look like. (p.340) Many citizens tried to fight conservative economic trends by voting for liberal and democratic governments, but soon they realized that economic policy remained unchanged. Even greater transparency in government has failed to be effective in restraining multicultural power. Today international stage is experiencing disillusionment with current political processes because attempts to regulate multicultural corporations through the United Nations have failed to be effective. (p.3410) Summing up, anticorporate activism is movement aimed at making multicultural corporations more socially and environmentally responsible. They develop political strategies to re-organize multinational brands and their efforts are more successful that th at of the governments. Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture In the article Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture Sarah Thornton discusses authentic culture as a means to struggle with mass-mediated corporate world. In particular, Thornton points the following themes: underground as subculture; the betrayals of broadcasting; importance of censors; marketing moral outrage; subterranean media; and development of subculture as result of mass-mediated corporate world. The author argues that authentic music is outside the media as it doesnt match its norms and standards. However, for many people authentic culture is self-expression and ability to present original thinking. Researchers often claim that underground or authentic music stresses the anti-media discourse and, thus, young people loose the ability to identify what to consider right and what to consider wrong. Nevertheless, the author argues that, despite recent claims and arguments, no opposition between the media and subculture is revealed. (pp.176-177) Underground is defined as the expression of subculture and underground style is authentic, it doesnt tend to be labeled as fashionable or mass-produced. Underground music promotes the original world that is off the elitism and mass-consumerism. Underground style is against the mass media, but it doesnt oppose it. Mainly, undergrounds are mixed as they disregard class, race and ethnicity. In particular, the discourse of undergrounds is anti-mass culture; undergrounds criticize media of being commercial, shallow and derivative. The long-standing form of underground subculture is happiness. For example, British youth acknowledges sub cultural hierarchy and they acknowledge their position within it. The underground culture is a relative system exposed to timing, position and context. (p.179) The British homes mainly prefer four channels and Top of the Pops is viewed as a gateway to mass culture and key point of selling out. Within underground context, selling is viewed the same as betraying. The undergrounds cant understand why to sell original songs beyond initial market. In such a way, artist looses sense of possession, familiar belonging and exclusive ownership. Art shouldnt be sold out. Many academics argue that the youth and the British media are in opposition, but in reality contemporary youth is not against television. They are simply against selling culture to someone else and they accuse national television of distributing illegally raw materials of youth subculture. (pp.180-181) Thornton assumes that moral panic operates within the purviews of tabloids, and even underground subculture has its own tabloid front pages. Media is often outrageous with the youth scene that authenticates their culture and disapproves credible sources. Subcultural press predicted that moral panic about hippies, punks, and acid house is inevitable. Cultural studies of moral panic tend to defined youth subculture as innocent victims of negative stigmatization. However, they are not what they are thought to be. (p.183) The undergrounds claim that mass media misunderstands their initial goal of cultural pursuits. Thus, moral panic is generated by the culture industries targeting the market. Nevertheless, Thompson writes that moral panic is a metaphor that aims at depicting complex society experiencing groundless fear about the future of the media ad culture. Moral panic inflates the threat posted by culture differences. (p.184) Rave and acid house styles are considered unique phenomena of the 20th century, but recent case studies reveal general points about the media and youth subculture. Media is involved in organization of underground subculture. Thornton concludes underground culture is not organic and autonomous. Mass media plays crucial role in formation of underground subculture; moreover, mass media actively participates in development of underground lifestyle. Development of subculture shows that contemporary youth is unambiguously active and creative instead of remaining passive and manipulated. Due to authentic culture the youth is allowed to represent their unique view on the world, it is an excellent way of self-expression and self-recognition. (pp.186-188) Images, Ideology, and Women of Color In the article Images, Ideology, and Women of Color Leith Mullings discusses the role and position of African-American women in contemporary American society. The author examines representations of African-American women and their emergence in the context of class and gender conflicts. The central conflict of the article is the duality of freedom and constrains that trace gender for Africa-American population. Despite democracy and equal rights movement, there is still a constraint on gender for women of color. Thus, their freedom is inadvertently measured. (p.237) There are many reasons that have led to negative perception of African-American women. The first reason is slavery and the second is representation of women as inappropriate women. Even in literature they were portrayed as mammies, castrators and sexually provocative. Therefore, women of color appeared to be at the centre of the strongly held ideologies concerning race and gender. (p.238) The most enduring representation of African-American women is attributed to slavery times. Their images drawn from literature and historical accounts didnt truly represent the reality. For example, in the Antebellum South women of color were represented as subordinate in their gender hierarchy as males were dominant in that region. Interestingly, an ideal woman was highly romanticized. The model woman was identified with her home being ideal wife and mother. She was assumed to be calm, passive, delicate, submissive, dependent and frail and pure. Historians have drawn two images that characterized African-American woman in America and Europe: Jezebel is a sexually aggressive and provocative woman governed by its libido, whereas Mammy is a religious and mother slave who devotes all her time to slave owners children. (p.239) The author stresses that defeminization of women of color was related to race ideologies that promoted the brutal conditions of slavery in American society. Thus, African-American women were treated as non-human and definitely inferior species, and slavery for them was the most appropriate condition. Surprisingly, medical science stresses African-American women had smaller lungs and brain, whereas their genitals were larger. In such a way, enslaved were proved to belong to different species that white population. (p.239) The stereotypes of Jezebel and Mammy were applied to women of different ages and phenotypes. The idea that African-American women represented another species justified their excessive sexuality. Therefore, sexually aggressive African-American women faced sexual exploitation and rape, whereas Euro-American men stressed women were the initiators because of their libido. In such a way, the author shows that artificially created stereotype may be an excellent excuse for violence and discrimination. (pp.240-243) Mullings writes that there are many similarities in the way dominant groups tend to represent their personhood. For example, the aspect of exploitation centers on the definition of being other. For all people of color, men are presented as dangerous and irresponsible being a threat to European women, whereas women are presented as not deserving social sexual protection in contrast to women of their race and class. Further, men are portrayed as sexually aggressive, whereas women are portrayed as sexually available. African-American women are always depicted as sexually excessive, erotic and exotic. Sexual domination, thus, reinforced labor exploitation and represents European domination. (p.246-247) Summing up, ideologies aimed at stigmatizing African-American women as inferior appeared to be central to maintaining race and gender discrimination. Oppression of African-American women was always justified by representing them as natural instead of social and historical and by masking so cial relations. Gender subordination was supported and women were stigmatized in case they challenged patriarchal model. African-American women were blamed for overall poverty rates and economic decline. Mullings concludes that experience of African-American women has created the basis for deconstructing those ideologies. (p.248-249) Popular Culture and Major League Sport In the article The Real Integrated circus, Political Economy, Popular culture and Major League Sport Gruneau and Whitson discuss major changes, challenges and tensions in major league sport. Moreover, the authors discuss the shifts in cultural studies. Today industries that are centered on the provision of entertainment are wide-ranging and they embrace advertising, sports, radio, television and video products. The emphasis of the cultural studies has shifted from politics and economy to unexplored fields of popular culture. The interest on class politics has been replaced with the interest on sexual orientation, gender construction, ethnicity and race discrimination. As a result, recent works concentrates on examining the meaning, subjectivity and politics of signification instead of analyzing changes in social cultural forms. (pp.360-361) However, the central argument of the article is that development of professional leagues has altered relations and attitudes of sports players to their home communities. The public started to relate their performances to the community pride. As far as teams consisted of local players, they were obliged to say something about their community and qualities of people. It means that field competitiveness resulted in community competitiveness. (p.364) The changes and tension in professional sports are often attributed to expansion into new markets, players salary, and labor struggles. Changes are inevitable as they are presented as extension of older commercial dynamics. (p.365) Tensions are argued to be a result of changes in political-economic environment since the middle of 1970s the years when the industries started to promote and produce cultural popular cultural goods. Moreover, industries became interested in promoting consumption styles that became a real integrated circus in European and American countries. The authors admit that it is still rather difficult t identify what to consider new and what to consider old in promotional discourses and industrial restructuring. (p.372) They underline the necessity to examine how ideology is sustained by forms and practices of symbolic production. The problem of professional sports is seen in efforts of media commentators and sports promoters to construct the idea of us around professional sports instead of distinguished sports from community as benefits that teams bring should not be treated as the benefits of the whole community. One more problem is that with the increase of players salaries the ticket pri ces have raised and games of major leagues is out of reach for middle-class and working class fans. (pp.373-374) The author argue that public money has played their crucial role in promoting major league sports as private investors have got an opportunity to pay franchise fees and to present major leagues to small markets or markets they are willing major leagues to play in. In the late 1960 major leagues have often played in publicly financed facilities (p.378). Of course, franchising offers significant benefits, although the long-term objectives of major league sports was to ensure contracts with national television and special attention was paid to contracts with major US networks. Television increased public interest in major league sports as it allowed the audience to see the most interesting moment missed in arena and stadium. Moreover, television technologies made public know major league players and, in some cases, athletes were turning into local or national celebrities. (p.369) The purpose of television was to attract new audiences beyond male fans and to make major league games more watched and talked about. The key challenge for major league teams was to increase its continental profile; otherwise, the team risked to loose its regional fan base in favor of more active rivals. The authors conclude that further research is needed to examine whether major league franchises are beneficial economic and social investments. Several researchers have already begun to study the issue, but more attention should be paid to costs and benefits of major league sports. (pp.380-381) References Gruneau, R., Major League Sports. In Understanding Canada: Building on the New Canadian Political Economy, ed. by Clement, W. USA: McGill-Queen's University Press. Klein, Naomi. (2000). Bad Mood Rising: The New Anticorporate Activism. In No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. Toronto: Vintage Canada. Mullings, Leith. (2004). Images, Ideology, and Women of Colour. In Feminist Communication Theory ed. by Rakow, L., & Wackwitz, L. London: Sage. Thornton, Sarah. (1994). Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture. In Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture, ed. by Rose, T., & Ross, A. New York, Routledge.